I believe the port you're needing for ARD is 3283 but you don't need that for VNC to work. Do you have the firewall enabled on the mac? That would explain why you can get to it from the inside but not the outside. Are you connecting to the VNC on port 5900? You can try setting the Mac Mini as a DMZ temporarily to see if you can connect from the outside.
It's very strange that you can't telnet into port 5900 from the inside either...what syntax are you using? It should be .... telnet iporname 5900
I have VNC/ARD enabled on mine with port 5900 forwarded, firewall turned off on the mac and can telnet into it with the given syntax. If it's not working after this then you may need to double check your port forwards. To verify again you can enable websharing on mac mini and port forward port 80 and see if you get the defaul apache web page. If you don't, there may be something wrong with your forwarding method.