Sounds like a fairly straightforward case of drive failure to me.
You can use use a data recovery software (I perosonally like Active@FIle Recovery) and very likely get back most of your data and individual files.
However, I have never been successful in "repairing" a windows installation in such a case. If I were you, I would save myself time by NOT trying to "rebuild" and just plan to install form scratch. I think your best course of action would be to get a new drive and reinstall windows, and then restore your data and settings from backup, assuming that you have ASR disk, etc. If not, I would still reinstall and save what data I could from recovery.
You could also take the drive to a "professional" for data recovery, but in my experience they are generally slow, very expensive and not real reliable. There are certainly some out there who are truly professional, but I have found them to be the exception rather than the rule.
Good luck.